Cancer symptoms vary depending on the organ involved, but some signs are commonly observed across different types. These include unexplained weight loss, persistent fatigue, loss of appetite, fever, or night sweats. Localized signs may include lumps or swelling, non-healing ulcers, unusual bleeding, chronic cough, change in bowel or bladder habits, persistent headaches, and skin changes such as new growths or changes in existing moles. While these symptoms may also occur in non-cancer conditions, persistent or unexplained symptoms require prompt evaluation.

Cancer develops due to genetic mutations triggered by various internal and external factors. Major causes include tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, exposure to radiation or harmful chemicals, viral infections (e.g., HPV, Hepatitis B/C), and unhealthy lifestyle habits such as poor diet, lack of physical activity, and obesity. Age, family history, and genetic predispositions also play an important role. Identifying risk factors helps in prevention, early screening, and timely intervention.

A comprehensive diagnosis begins with a detailed medical history, physical examination, and evaluation of symptoms. This is followed by targeted investigations such as blood tests, tumor markers, imaging studies (ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, PET scan), and endoscopic procedures. A biopsy remains the gold standard for confirming the presence and type of cancer. Molecular and genetic testing further help in identifying specific mutations, enabling personalized treatment plans and targeted therapies.

Cancer management is multidisciplinary, involving oncologists, surgeons, radiologists, and specialized care teams. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and spread of cancer. Common therapies include surgery to remove tumors, chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells, radiation therapy for localized treatment, immunotherapy to strengthen the body’s immune response, and targeted therapy focusing on specific genetic mutations. Hormonal therapy and stem cell transplantation are used in select cases. Supportive care, including nutrition, pain management, psychological counseling, and rehabilitation, plays a vital role in enhancing quality of life.