Hematologic Oncology
Hematologic oncology focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of cancers that originate in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system. These cancers include leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Each condition affects the body’s ability to produce healthy blood cells, fight infections, and maintain proper immune function. Early detection and timely treatment play a crucial role in improving long-term outcomes.
Causes
Blood cancers generally develop due to abnormal changes in the DNA of blood-forming cells. While the exact cause is often unknown, several factors increase the risk. These include genetic predisposition, exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, compromised immune systems, viral infections like Epstein-Barr virus or HIV, smoking, and aging. Some individuals may also develop hematologic cancers due to inherited disorders or previous chemotherapy and radiation therapies.
Symptoms
Symptoms vary depending on the type of blood cancer but commonly include persistent fatigue, frequent infections, unexplained fever, night sweats, and unintentional weight loss. Patients may also experience easy bruising or bleeding, bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, and shortness of breath. In leukemia, symptoms may become noticeable quickly due to rapid abnormal cell growth. In contrast, lymphoma or multiple myeloma may progress more gradually. Any persistent or unexplained symptoms should be evaluated promptly for early diagnosis.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves a combination of blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, imaging studies (CT scan, PET scan), and specialized laboratory investigations. These help determine the type of cancer, its stage, and the overall health of the patient. Advanced molecular testing also assists in planning personalized treatment strategies tailored to each patient’s condition.
Treatment
Treatment options depend on the specific type of hematologic cancer, its stage, and the patient’s age and health status. Common treatments include:
- Chemotherapy: To destroy abnormal cells or stop their growth.
- Targeted Therapy: Drugs designed to attack specific cancer-related genes or proteins.
- Immunotherapy: Boosts the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells.
- Radiation Therapy: Used particularly in lymphoma for local disease control.
- Stem Cell or Bone Marrow Transplant: Replaces damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells, offering potential long-term remission.
- Supportive Care: Includes blood transfusions, antibiotics, and nutritional support to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.